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So we would probably program it to stop its activity at night and to wake up at dawn the next morning.Īccording to evolutionary theory of sleep, evolution equipped us with a regular pattern of sleeping and waking for the same reason. Should we program the robot to be equally active at all times No, the robot would be using up energy at a time when it was not receiving any. We provide the robot with seeing detectors to keep it away from danger. Suppose we built a robot to explore the planet Mars.
The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means_.-理工类-总题库īats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some _ a life span of around 20 years. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a ma chine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined.
Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
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“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.” Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision that highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come Close. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. Human Ingenuity Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.
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